O cabo de guerra dos chips semicondutores entre os EUA e a China fez com que as empresas de chips lutassem para manter os negócios funcionando normalmente.
A IA está governando o mundo da tecnologia agora, à medida que fabricantes de gadgets e gigantes de software integram a tecnologia em tudo para aprimorar e capacitar seus produtos. E este impulso da IA criou uma procura sem precedentes por chips semicondutores.
Se você não sabe o que os chips semicondutores fazem, saiba que eles estão em quase todos os seus produtos digitais de consumo, como telefones celulares, smartphones, câmeras digitais, televisões, máquinas de lavar, geladeiras e lâmpadas LED. E alguns deles são extremamente poderosos.
Por exemplo, o chip M4 da Apple é um poderoso Neural Engine, que pode conduzir 38 trilhões de operações por segundo, tornando-o muito melhor para tarefas de IA e aprimorando recursos como Live Captions e Visual Look Up no iPad Pro. Considerado o Neural Engine mais poderoso da Apple, é “60x mais rápido do que o primeiro Neural Engine do A11 Bionic”.
Quando este é o tipo de energia que um chip pode gerar, não é de admirar que as nações estejam a envolver-se na sua quota de mercado.
EUA pressionam para expandir seus chips
Os EUA têm sido agressivos na expansão da produção de chips. Em abril, ao abrigo da Lei dos Chips, o governo dos EUA anunciou uma concessão de até 6,4 mil milhões de dólares em subvenções à Samsung da Coreia do Sul para expandir a sua produção de chips no centro do Texas.
Sob pressão dos EUA para restringir as exportações de chips para a China, países como Holanda, Japão e Coreia do Sul também impuseram restrições às suas empresas. Em Junho passado, o governo dos Países Baixos anunciou planos para restringir as exportações de tecnologia de semicondutores para proteger a segurança nacional. No início do ano, o governo alemão rescindiu uma licença de exportação para interromper o envio de duas máquinas de litografia mais antigas para clientes chineses. No ano passado, o Japão impôs controles de exportação de tecnologias avançadas de microchip na China.
Estatura do Chip da China
A China fabrica semicondutores, mas também consome muitos deles, criando um ecossistema confortável de chips. Em 2020, o país comprou 53,7% da oferta mundial de chips, no valor de US$ 240 bilhões. O país controla a maior parte dos negócios das empresas de semicondutores. Em 2022, a Qualcomm obteve 50% de suas receitas na China e a NVIDIA 26,3%. A holandesa ASML Holding NV registrou 14% de suas vendas no país e a Apple 24%.
Em resposta às táticas agressivas do mercado de chips dos EUA, a China começou a melhorar o seu jogo de fabricação de chips. Numa tentativa de ganhar autossuficiência em chips, a China tem trabalhado num pacote de apoio de mais de 143 mil milhões de dólares para a sua indústria de semicondutores.
Como parte do seu esforço para reduzir a dependência de fornecedores estrangeiros, em maio, a Reuters informou que dois fabricantes chineses de chips começaram a produzir semicondutores de memória de alta largura de banda (HBM), que são usados em chipsets de IA.
Na verdade, o mais recente telefone de última geração do conglomerado de tecnologia chinês Huawei agora conta com mais fornecedores chineses . Isso inclui um novo chip de armazenamento de memória flash e um processador de chip aprimorado. Algumas universidades e institutos de pesquisa chineses até adquiriram chips de IA de ponta da Nvidia por meio de revendedores, segundo a Reuters .
Rebelde de empresas dos EUA
Outra razão pela qual a China ainda não está atolada é que as empresas de tecnologia dos EUA ainda não estão preparadas para deixar a China partir como parceira de negócios. Segundo relatos , muitas empresas, como Qualcomm, ASML e Apple, estão prontas para ignorar as subvenções dos EUA para negócios com a China, devido ao bom relacionamento comercial que têm desfrutado até agora com empresas chinesas.
É por isso que as sanções aos chips dos EUA não são muito atraentes para os gigantes da tecnologia nos EUA. Enquanto estes governos lutam para restringir os negócios chineses, as empresas seguem o seu próprio caminho. Em março, em meio a toda a agitação política, a Intel conseguiu vender chips no valor de centenas de milhões de dólares para a Huawei.
O ministro do comércio da China tem cortejado a ASML para garantir a confiabilidade da China como parceiro comercial. A Huawei, juntamente com a Nokia e a Ericsson , estão entre as empresas contratadas para construir redes 5G na China, sendo que a Samsung e a Qualcomm também procuram ganhar maior quota de mercado no país.
Uma mudança no sentimento do chip
À medida que a pressão aumenta, algumas empresas estão começando a seguir os limites. A situação atual dos chips tem disparado alarmes para empresas norte-americanas como a Intel, que dependem principalmente da tecnologia de chips. Eles dizem que estão ficando preocupados com a concentração da fabricação de semicondutores em uma única localização geográfica e começaram a tomar medidas para o futuro.
Em 2022, a Intel assinou o acordo de compra para se tornar proprietária de terras em Magdeburg, Alemanha, um local planejado para sua fábrica europeia de semicondutores. A empresa de tecnologia também contratou a Bechtel como empreiteira geral para a nova unidade da Intel em Ohio, já em construção.
A produção de semicondutores é especialmente vulnerável dado que 80% da capacidade actual está concentrada numa pequena região geográfica. Nossa estratégia é a estratégia da indústria: Diversificar nossa presença hoje para reforçar o fornecimento de chips necessário para amanhã
Keyvan Esfarjani, vice-presidente executivo e diretor de operações globais da Intel Corporation nenhum
“A produção de semicondutores é especialmente vulnerável dado que 80 por cento da capacidade actual está concentrada numa pequena região geográfica. Nossa estratégia é a estratégia da indústria: diversificar nossa presença hoje para reforçar o fornecimento de chips necessário para amanhã”, disse Keyvan Esfarjani, vice-presidente executivo e diretor de operações globais da Intel Corporation, em comunicado.
Outras empresas estão contribuindo. Em novembro do ano passado, a Nvidia ofereceu um novo chip avançado na China que atende às regras de restrição à exportação. Segundo a Reuters , o chip, chamado A800, representa o primeiro esforço relatado por uma empresa de semicondutores dos EUA para criar processadores avançados para a China que sigam as novas regras.
Em dezembro, a fabricante taiwanesa de chips TSMC anunciou triplicar o investimento planejado em sua fábrica no Arizona para US$ 40 bilhões . A notícia foi uma das maiores notícias sobre investimento estrangeiro na história dos EUA, com o presidente Joe Biden indo pessoalmente até lá para saudar o projeto.
Batatas Fritas em Chiplets
Enquanto isso, a tecnologia de chips continua a inovar com o aumento da demanda. Fabricantes de chips como Nvidia, Intel e AMD estão aprimorando suas habilidades em semicondutores. Essas empresas introduziram a tecnologia chiplet , uma forma mais barata de embalar pequenos grupos de semicondutores. Curiosamente, a China também oferece esta tecnologia.
A batalha pela supremacia no mercado de chips semicondutores entre os EUA e a China não só mostra rivalidades geopolíticas, mas também destaca a intrincada interação entre tecnologia, negócios e relações internacionais que moldam o futuro desta indústria crítica.
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